LA INSEGURIDAD URBANA (WITH HELP!)

¡Hola, mis estudiantes intermedios! Today we’ll explore a key topic: urban insecurity — a challenge affecting cities worldwide.

You’ll hear an excerpt from a video on the RPP Noticias YouTube channel (uploaded March 2, 2025), a Peruvian source known for insightful social analysis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1E5crGgRdds&t=186s

In this discussion, Fabiola Arce, a Peruvian political scientist and security consultant, talks with two journalists about crime, transportation, and urban infrastructure issues.

Though it focuses on Peru, the goal is to inspire a conversation about challenges modern cities face everywhere. Be ready to share how insecurity impacts your city or country.

I’ve shared the same audio for advanced learners here: https://learnspanishpronto.com/2025/03/13/la-inseguridad-urbana/

This post is designed for intermediate learners and includes extra support: a transcription and translation to help you follow, a glossary of 30 challenging words (some may be familiar), and interactive activities to practice these words before our next meeting.

Note: This conversation can be difficult even for native listeners. The speakers express themselves naturally and passionately, so grammar and flow may be imperfect. The transcription reflects this casual style — like a chat in a bar or café. Don’t worry if you miss some words or ideas!

IMPORTANTE: Este sitio web es exclusivamente para fines educativos y está dirigido sólo a mis estudiantes. Aunque mi sitio web está disponible en internet, el contenido es de uso privado para mis alumnos. No tengo la intención de infringir ningún derecho de autor y siempre proporciono enlaces a las publicaciones originales. Siempre adapto estas obras con un enfoque educativo, sin fines comerciales.

—Inseguridad involucra no sólo aquella ante la delincuencia,1 sino también aquella ante otros problemas que tenemos de vivir en ciudades atestadas,2 saturadas, que tienen que ver con el transporte, con la iluminación, con los accidentes viales.

Insecurity involves not only that related to crime, but also that related to other problems we face living in overcrowded, saturated cities, which have to do with transportation, lighting, and traffic accidents.

Y para esto vamos a conversar con Fabiola Arce, que es politóloga y consultora de la empresa3 de consultoría “Ruta Colectiva”.

And for this we are going to talk with Fabiola Arce, who is a political scientist and consultant at the consulting firm “Ruta Colectiva.”

Fabiola, ¿nos puede explicar de qué forma esos dos grandes fenómenos y problemas, la inseguridad ante una criminalidad que avanza y que nos acecha,4 que la encuesta5 de “Lima Cómo Vamos”, que usted conocerá muy bien, dice que la inseguridad está, la percepción de inseguridad está por sobre los ochenta o noventa por ciento, y como cincuenta por ciento, como la mitad de los sondeados dicen haber sido en los últimos tres meses víctimas de algún delito6?

Fabiola, can you explain how these two major phenomena and problems—the insecurity caused by advancing and threatening crime, which the “Lima Cómo Vamos” survey, with which you are very familiar, shows as having a perception of insecurity above eighty or ninety percent—and how about fifty percent, roughly half of those surveyed, say they have been victims of some crime in the last three months?

Y cómo esto también se relaciona con la inseguridad de que nos pueden atropellar,7 de que no podemos llegar a nuestro a nuestro destino, que el transporte es una desgracia.

And how this also relates to the insecurity of being run over, of not being able to reach our destination, and how transportation is a disaster.

En efecto.8 Fernando, Carlos, un gusto de estar con ustedes. Lo que has mencionado es preciso. Realmente las personas cuando salimos de casa no estamos pensando en, bueno, volveré viva y quizás también que no me roben, ¿no?

Indeed. Fernando, Carlos, it’s a pleasure to be with you. What you have mentioned is accurate. When people leave their homes, we’re not thinking [that is, we shouldn’t be thinking], “Well, will I come back alive? And maybe, also, will they rob me?” Right?

Pues, pensamos en, bueno, quiero salir de casa, volver íntegra9 y viva. Y es como lo mínimo que pensamos, ¿no?

Well, we [should] think [in a normal situation], “I want to leave home and return whole and alive.” That’s the minimum we think, isn’t it?

Entonces, realmente, cuando vivimos la percepción de la inseguridad no es que la vivamos unidimensionalmente, no es que estemos pensando “bueno, que no me atropellen”. No, nada, nada más.

So, really, when we experience the perception of insecurity, it’s not one-dimensional; it’s not that we’re just thinking, “Well, don’t let me get run over”. No, nothing, nothing else [It’s not only this that we must think insecurity is].

La vivimos, realmente, como un elemento más complejo. Y creo que la aproximación a la de, digamos, los elementos que están vinculados10 a victimización, delincuencia, más aquellos elementos que están vinculados a accidentes de tránsito, la posibilidad de que se me afecte, de que muera, ahora podríamos agregar otros elementos en el contexto del país, ¿no?

We experience it, really, as a more complex element. And I believe that the approach involving, let’s say, elements related to victimization, crime, plus those elements related to traffic accidents—the possibility of being harmed or dying—now could include other elements within the country’s context, right?

Que también están vinculados a espacios recreativos y etc. Son elementos que configuran una situación de alta vulnerabilidad, ¿no? Y de alta vulnerabilidad en un contexto urbano, en un contexto de ciudades, como Lima, que, pues tienen una alta densidad poblacional.11

That are also linked to recreational spaces, etc. These are elements that create a situation of high vulnerability, right? And high vulnerability in an urban context, in a city context, like Lima, which, well, has a high population density.

La densidad poblacional más alta en el país, y que concentran una gran cantidad de nuestra población a nivel nacional, ¿no?

The highest population density in the country, and concentrates a large portion of our national population, right?

Lo que has mencionado es correcto, más del ochenta por ciento de las personas de Lima y Callao consideran que la inseguridad es el principal problema. Y esto es algo que sale efectivamente12 de la encuesta de “Lima Cómo Vamos”.

What you have mentioned is correct: more than eighty percent of people in Lima and Callao consider insecurity the main problem. And this is something that indeed comes out of the “Lima Cómo Vamos” survey.

Pero no solamente sale eso. Sale también que realmente la cantidad de personas que se siente segura en Lima y Callao es el seis por ciento, ¿no? Cuando vemos solamente el de mujeres, las mujeres que se sienten seguras en Lima y Callao llegan apenas13 al tres por ciento.

But not only that comes up. It also shows that the actual number of people who feel safe in Lima and Callao is six percent, right? When we look only at women, the women who feel safe in Lima and Callao barely reach three percent.

Es lo mismo que el margen de error. Entonces, claro, nos ponemos en la situación de realmente cuántas personas en nuestras ciudades, y esto lo podríamos ampliar a nivel14 nacional… Estamos hablando mucho de Lima y Callao, que es de donde tenemos como los datos más específicos en este momento.

That’s the same as the margin of error. So, clearly, we put ourselves in the position of really asking how many people in our cities—and this could be expanded nationwide… We are talking a lot about Lima and Callao, which is where we currently have the most specific data.

¿Pero cuántas personas en nuestras ciudades realmente salimos de casa con plena15 seguridad? Respecto a16 nuestros itinerarios, respecto a nuestra integridad. Poquísimas, si acaso alguna, ¿no?

But how many people in our cities really leave home feeling completely safe? Regarding our routes, regarding our personal safety. Very few, if any at all, right?

—Sí, ¿cómo está Fabiola? Muy buenos días. Le saluda Carlos González desde la ciudad de Trujillo, que dicho sea de paso,17 somos un claro ejemplo, ¿no?, de inseguridad en regiones, no solamente por la delincuencia, sino ahora, y usted lo había mencionado por la incertidumbre18 que tenemos respecto a las infraestructuras en los espacios públicos adonde acudimos.19

—Yes, how are you, Fabiola? Good morning. This is Carlos González greeting you from the city of Trujillo, which, by the way, is a clear example, right?, of insecurity in the regions, not only because of crime, but now, and you had mentioned it, because of the uncertainty we have regarding the infrastructure in the public spaces we go to.

Fabiola, yo quería preguntarle qué señales necesitamos ver los ciudadanos20 en nuestras autoridades para tener algún tipo de esperanza que la realidad tan insegura que tenemos pueda cambiar.

Fabiola, I wanted to ask you what signs citizens need to see from our authorities to have some hope that the very insecure reality we face can change.

—Es una pregunta compleja, pero pues creo que la respuesta más inmediata es una apuesta21 política de largo plazo22 seria.

—It’s a complex question, but I believe the most immediate answer is a serious long-term political commitment.

No podemos pretender,23 las autoridades no pueden pretender que, las medidas que lleguen a tomar que estén vinculadas a propuestas serias contra la inseguridad, contra la criminalidad, contra los peores problemas de tránsito y tráfico que tenemos ahora, vayan a darles resultados mañana o vayan a darles resultados para la elección que tienen a la vuelta de la esquina.24

We cannot expect, the authorities cannot expect, that the measures they take related to serious proposals against insecurity, crime, and the worst traffic problems we currently have, will yield results tomorrow or will produce results for the upcoming election just around the corner.

Eso no va a ocurrir. Tiene que haber una apuesta clara, política, de largo plazo, que asuma25 que cualquier tipo de inversión26 en el caso del tránsito eso es muy claro, ¿no?

That is not going to happen. There must be a clear, long-term political commitment that understands that any kind of investment, especially in the case of transit, is very clear, right?

Si tú diseñas sistemas de tránsito, realmente esos sistemas son altamente costosos.

If you design transit systems, these systems are actually highly costly.

Y lo más probable es que el boleto de las personas no te va a rendir27 para sostener todo el sistema, pero lo que sí te rinde es la cantidad de salud a la que la gente va a poder acceder, la cantidad de recorridos que se van a acortar, la cantidad de horas que la gente va a poder dedicar a cuidados, a trabajo, a disfrute.

It is very likely that the fare paid by people will not be enough to sustain the entire system, but what does pay off is the amount of health people will be able to access, the number of trips that will be shortened, the number of hours people will be able to dedicate to care, work, and enjoyment.

A también a activar la economía, la cantidad de producto bruto interno que se va a alzar.28 Esos son indicadores de largo plazo y todos están vinculados a medidas serias de modificación en procesos de transporte, en procesos contra la criminalidad en que la gente se sienta segura al salir hoy a la calle.

Also, it helps activate the economy, increasing the gross domestic product. These are long-term indicators, and all are linked to serious measures to modify transportation processes and combat crime so that people feel safe when going out on the street today.

Entonces, esta apuesta seria que pues lastimosamente29 no es que haya estado en nuestro común dentro del entorno30 político nacional ni local, es una apuesta muy necesaria y es una apuesta que tenemos que demandar.

Therefore, this serious commitment, which unfortunately has not been common in our national or local political environment, is very necessary and is a commitment we must demand.


CONTEXT


  • Lima y Callao: These neighboring cities in Peru are closely linked. Lima is the capital, and Callao is the main port, forming an important metropolitan area.

  • Trujillo: This city in northern Peru is known for its rich history, ancient ruins, and colonial architecture. It is the third largest city in Peru by population.

  • Producto Bruto Interno (PBI): Gross Domestic Product (GDP); the total value of all goods and services produced in a country within a specific period.


  • THE 30 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WE WILL LEARN!

    Just check this list:

    1. delincuencia: crime ↩︎
    2. atestado: crowded, packed ↩︎
    3. empresa: company ↩︎
    4. acechar: to stalk, to threaten, to lurk ↩︎
    5. encuesta: survey, poll ↩︎
    6. delito: crime ↩︎
    7. atropellar: to run over ↩︎
    8. en efecto: indeed ↩︎
    9. íntegro (in this context): whole, complete ↩︎
    10. vinculado: related, linked ↩︎
    11. poblacional: population (adjective) ↩︎
    12. efectivamente: indeed ↩︎
    13. apenas ↩︎
    14. nivel: level ↩︎
    15. pleno: full, total ↩︎
    16. respecto a: regarding ↩︎
    17. de paso (in this context): by the way ↩︎
    18. incertidumbre: uncertainty ↩︎
    19. acudir (in thiscontext): to go, to attend ↩︎
    20. ciudadano: citizen ↩︎
    21. apuesta (in this context): commitment ↩︎
    22. largo plazo: long term ↩︎
    23. pretender (in this context): to expect, to assume ↩︎
    24. a la vuelta de la esquina (in this context): just around the corner, coming up soon ↩︎
    25. asumir (in this context): to understand, to accept, to take as a given ↩︎
    26. inversión: investment ↩︎
    27. rendir (in this context): to be enough ↩︎
    28. alzar (in this context): to go up, to increase ↩︎
    29. lastimosamente: unfortunately ↩︎
    30. entorno: environment, context ↩︎

    Looks long, right? Don’t worry, I’ll make it as easy as it gets. I’ll split it into 3 lists of 10 words or expressions each, plus an interactive game below to help you learn them. But remember, the best learning will happen when we use them together in our next chat!

    PART 1

    N.ºESPAÑOLENGLISH
    1DELINCUENCIACRIME
    2ATESTADOOVERCROWDED / PACKED
    3EMPRESACOMPANY / FIRM
    4ACECHARTO LURK / TO THREATEN
    5ENCUESTASURVEY
    6DELITOCRIME / OFFENSE
    7ATROPELLARTO RUN OVER
    8EN EFECTOINDEED
    9ÍNTEGROINTACT / WHOLE
    10VINCULADORELATED / INKED

    Now, let’s play this game so you learn these expressions in a snap!

    PART 2

    N.ºESPAÑOLENGLISH
    11POBLACIONALPOPULATION (ADJ.) / DEMOGRAPHIC
    12EFECTIVAMENTEINDEED / EFFECTIVELY
    13APENASBARELY / HARDLY
    14NIVELLEVEL
    15PLENOFULL / COMPLETE
    16RESPECTO AREGARDING / WITH RESPECT TO
    17DE PASOBY THE WAY / INCIDENTALLY
    18INCERTIDUMBREUNCERTAINTY
    19ACUDIRTO ATTEND / TO GO TO
    20CIUDADANOSCITIZENS

    Let’s play and learn!

    PART 3

    N.ºESPAÑOLENGLISH
    21APUESTACOMMITMENT / BET / POLICY
    22LARGO PLAZOLONG TERM
    23PRETENDERTO INTEND / TO EXPECT
    24A LA VUELTA DE LA ESQUINAAROUND THE CORNER / IMMINENT
    25ASUMIRTO ASSUME / TO TAKE ON
    26INVERSIÓNINVESTMENT
    27RENDIRTO YIELD / TO BE SUFFICIENT / TO PAY OFF
    28ALZARTO RAISE / TO LIFT / TO INCREASE
    29LASTIMOSAMENTEUNFORTUNATELY / SADLY
    30ENTORNOENVIRONMENT / SURROUNDINGS

    Let’s play!

    Remember, amigo, the real challenge isn’t just learning the words—it’s using them. We’ll put them into practice next time we get together!

    TORMENTAS: STORMS

    To learn the most important Spanish words about the weather, click here.

    A FALTA DE: with more than a month to go

    CHECK: “FALTAR” IN A SNAP!

     

    tendremos: we will have

    Check THE SIMPLE FUTURE: IRREGULAR VERBS IN A SNAP!

    estaremos: we will be

    Check THE SIMPLE FUTURE IN A SNAP!

    seguir hablando: to keep talking, to continue to talk

    Check THE MANY MEANINGS OF “SEGUIR” IN A SNAP!

    HE PRACTICADO: I HAVE PRACTICED

    Check The Compound Present in a Snap!

    ESTOY APRENDIENDO: I’M LEARNING

    Check The Progressive Present in a Snap!

    Check My First ER Verbs in a Snap!

    DÓNDE: WHERE

    Check Interrogatives in a Snap!

    PRIMERA: FIRST (SINGULAR FEMININE)

    Check Ordinal Numbers in a Snap!

     

    VIVIR: TO LIVE

    Check My First IR Verbs in a Snap!

    HACER: TO DO, TO MAKE

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    HABLAR: TO SPEAK, TO TALK

    Check My First AR Verbs in a Snap!

    NEGRO: BLACK

    Check Spanish Colors in a Snap!

    CONTRA: AGAINST

    POR: (IN THIS CASE) BECAUSE OF

    DESEMPEÑO: PERFORMANCE

    CANCHA: SPORTS FIELD OR COURT

    mejorar: to improve, to get better

    prescripción/receta: prescription

     

    nariz tapada: stuffy nose

    ¿has notado?: have you noticed?

    hace: ago

    estornudar: to sneeze

    blanco: white

    Check Spanish Colors in a Snap!

    iré: I will go

    Check The Simple Future in a Snap!

    ya: already

    Check Adverbs of Time in a Snap!

    tabla de madera: wooden board

    Check Construction: Know all your materials in a snap!

    gripe: flu

    ¿cómo te llamas?: what’s your name? (lit. “how do you call yourself?”)

     

    Check Interrogatives in a Snap!

    ciudadano: citizen

    Check: My First 50 Nouns About People!

     

    en resumen: in short

    convertirse en: to become

    responsabilidad: responsibility

    Check: Nouns Ending in “Dad” in a Snap!

    ley: law (pl. leyes)

    Check Feminine Nouns Ending in Consonants!

    proponer: to propose

    Check Verbs Created From “Poner” in a Snap!

    población: 1. population / 2. town, settlement

    Check Nouns Ending in “Ción” in a Snap!

     

    representante: representative

    Check Nouns Ending in “Nte” in a Snap!

     

    Cámara de Representantes: House of Representatives

    subir y bajar: to get on and off (a vehicle)

    máquina expendedora: vending machine

    vez: time (frequency)

    disculpa (tú), disculpe (usted), disculpen (ustedes): excuse me

    encontrarse: to meet, to get together

    plazo fijo: fixed-term deposit

     

    deuda: debt

    a largo plazo: in the long term

    hipoteca: mortgage

    siempre: always

    Check: Adverbs of Frequency in a Snap!

    ahorros: savings

    financiero: financial

    guardar: to save, to put away

    la bolsa: the stock market

    invertir: to invest

    he tenido: I have had

    Check: The Compound Past in a Snap!

    ¿has estado viendo…?: have you been seeing?

    Check: The Progressive Compound Past in a Snap!

    inversión: investment

    medir: to measure

    así como: as well as

    mientras tanto: meanwhile, in the meantime

    un rato: a little while, a bit

    también: also, too

    depósito: warehouse, stockroom

    patrón: boss, chief

    conocer: to know, to meet, to visit for the first time

    Check: My First ER Verbs in a Snap!

    tarjeta de crédito: credit card

    pagar: to pay

    Check: My First AR Verbs in a Snap!

    hijo: son / hija: daughter

    Check: My First 50 Nouns about People!

     

    necesitar: to need

    Check My First AR Verbs in a Snap!

    salir: to go out, to leave

    Check: My First IR Verbs in a Snap!

    viajar: to travel

    Check: My First Ar Verbs in a Snap!

    me gustaría: I’d like

    sin: without

    Check “Sin” in a Snap!

    manteca, mantequilla: butter

    desayunar: to have breakfast

    estar listo: to be ready

    esperar: to expect, to hope, to wait for

    recién exprimido: freshly squeezed

    medialuna: croissant, crescent roll

     

    huevos revueltos: scrambled eggs

    endulzante: sweetener

    Check: Masculine Nouns Ending in “E” in a Snap!

    té de hierbas: herbal tea

    llevaré: I will take

    Check: The Simple Future in a Snap!

    ¿quieres que envuelva…?: do you want me to wrap?

    Check: Subjunctive Triggers in a Snp: Verbs!

     

    ¿cuántos? ¿cuántas?: how many?

    Check: Interrogatives in a Snap!

    adorno: ornament

    Check: 100 Basic Masculine Nouns in a Snap!

    hemos llegado: we have arrived

    Check: The Compound Past in a Snap!

    vuelo: flight

    alquilar, rentar: to rent

    conductor: driver

    estadía, estancia: stay

    volver a hacer algo: to do something again

    disponible: available

    respecto a, con respecto a: regarding

    estadounidense: American

    Check What Is “América” in Spanish?

    el más cercano: the nearest

    El supermercado más cercano. (The nearest supermarket).

    cada vez más: increasingly, more and more

     

    transeúnte: passerby, pedestrian

    de nuevo, nuevamente, otra vez: again

    variedad: variety

    Check: Nouns Ending in “Dad” in a Snap”

    ubicar: to locate

    bastante: quite, rather, pretty

    Check Adverbs of Degree in a Snap!

    esquina: corner (street)

    cuadra: block (street)

    de primera: top-notch, first-rate, premium

    rico: rich/tasty

    acabar de hacer algo: to have just done something

    ¡claro que sí!: of course!, certainly!

    maduro: ripe

    semanal: weekly

    emocionado: excited

    amable: kind, polite

    recibo: receipt

    recoger: to pick, to pick up, to fetch

    Check: My Fisrt Er Verbs in a Snap!

    en la pantalla: on the screen

    introduzca su tarjeta: insert your card

    Check: The Imperative Mood in a Snap!

    No, thank you. I do not want.
    100% secure your website.

    lector: reader

    one-way ticket: boleto de ida

    boleto de ida y vuelta: return ticket, two-way ticket

    quedarse: to stay

    para mí: for me

    verificar: to verify

    disponibilidad: availability

    fecha: date

    boleto: ticket (subway, train, bus)

    compra: purchase

    ojalá: I hope, I wish

    Check: How the Heck Do We Use “Ojalá”?

    gracias por: thanks for, thank you for

    When learning Spanish, many people mistakenly say “gracias para”.

    bolsa: shopping bag

    bolso: travelling bag

    bolsita: small bag, little bag

    Check: Making Things Smaller and Bigger in Spanish!

    funcionar: to work (indicating that something is operational and fulfilling its intended purpose)

    Check: The Simple Future in a Snap!

    hasta tres píldoras por día: up to three pills per day

    doler: to ache

    grave: severe, serious

    receta médica: prescription, medical prescription

    dolor de cabeza: headache

    analgésico: painkiller

    buscar: to look for, to search, to seek

    Check My First AR Verbs in a Snap!

    barrio: neighborhood

    Check: 100 Basic Masculine Nouns in a Snap!

    segundo: second

    Check Ordinal Numbers in a Snap!

    estoy a tu entera disposición: “I am at your complete disposal”, “I am entirely at your service”.

     

    buena onda: good vibe, positive energy

    deber: (in this case) to owe

    Check My First ER Verbs in a Snap!

    esperar que: to hope that

     

    agregar/añadir: to add

    Check My First IR Verbs in a Snap!

    genial: great, awesome

    probar: to taste, to try

    riquísimo: very tasty, incredibly tasty

    ¡se me hace agua la boca! (idiom): 

    “It looks incredible”, “I can practically taste it”.

    “It’s so tempting”, “I want a bite right now”.

    “It’s mouthwatering”, “I’m really craving it”.

    “It’s irresistible”, “I need to try it immediately”.

    “It looks so delicious”, “I’m drooling over it”.

    untar: to spread (a soft or liquid substance onto something, such as butter or jam on bread).

    brindar: (in this case) to provide, to offer, to supply, to serve

    ¿qué le gustaría (a usted)?: what would you like?

    We can use the verb “gustar” in the conditional mood to show respect and politeness.

    Check: The Simple Conditional in a Snap!

    espinaca: spinach

    ¿podrías (tú)? ¿podría (usted)?: could you?

    The verb “poder” (can) in the conditional mood can be used to show respect or politeness.
    Check The Simple Conditional in a Snap!

    cenar: to have dinner

    NACER: TO BE BORN

    Check My First Er Verbs in a Snap!

    panera: bread basket

    gaseosa: soda

    queso rallado: grated cheese

    casero: homemade

    cumplir: to turn (age)

    Example: “He turned 60” / “Cumplió 60 años”.

    salir primero: to finish first, to come first

    varios, varias: several

    hacer un gol: to score a goal

    comenzar a hacer algo/empezar a hacer algo: to start to do something

    deportista: sportsman, sportswoman

    jugador de fútbol: soccer player

    erguido: standing tall

    recuerdos: memories

    doblarse: (in this context) to bend

    perder todas las partidas: to lose every single game

    el diablo pasa la factura: the devil comes to demand payment

    los sueños se me rompen en pedazos: my dreams shatter into pieces

    poner a alguien contra la pared: to back someone into a corner

    mantenerse en pie: to stay on one’s feet

    junco: reed

    cuando se me cierren las salidas: (lit.) when my exits are closed

    It means “”when my options run out”.

    dejar en paz: to leave alone, to let someone be

    cuando en mi moneda salga cruz: when my coin shows tails

    In this case, it means “in difficult times”.

    amenazar: to threaten

    apuñalar: to stab

    rendirse: to give up, to call it quits

    endurecer: to harden

    hierro: iron

    Check: Spanish Metals in a Snap!

    resistiré: I will resist

    Check: The Simple Future in a Snap!

    cuando: when

     

    desigual: (in this case) unfair, uneven, bad

    Dios: God

    carnaval: carnival

    Check: Nouns Ending in “Al” in a Snap!

    nadie: nobody, no one

    Check: Spanish Negatives in a Snap!

    contagiar: to infect

    maltratar: to mistreat

    pecar: to sin

    tan sólo: just, only

    solo: alone

    quejarse: to complain

    gozar: to enjoy, to rejoice

    se van: they go away

    penas: sorrows, woes, hardships

    hay que: we have to/one has to

    Check: What Is “Hay Que”?

    todo aquel: whoever

    Check: How Do We Say “Whoever” in Spanish?

    seguir: to follow / to continue

    Check The Many Meaning of “Seguir” in a Snap!

     

    creer: to believe

    varios: several

    América: The Americas

    Check What Is “América” in Spanish?

    para que: so, so that

    Check: “Para Que” in a Snap! 

     

    proveer: to provide with

    cuidar: to take care

    cuidar a alguien: to take care of someone

    pertenecer: to belong

    latinoamericana: Latin American (singular feminine)

    Check: Uppercase in English, Lowercase in Spanish!

    vida nocturna: nightlife

    acuerdo: agreement

    cada cuatro años: every four years

    sur: south

    norte: north

    cordillera: mountain range

    Check: Basic Spanish Geography in a Snap!

    afrontar algo: to face something

    tratar de: to try to

    negar: to deny

    lidiar con: to deal with

    incluso si: even if

    ¡sonríe!: smile!

    Check: The Imperative Mood in a Snap!

    mantener la buena onda: to keep a good mood

    codazo amistoso: friendly nudge

    “Al mal tiempo, buena cara”: “In bad times, good face”

    dicho: saying

    diversión: amusement

    estrecho: narrow

    este: east

    bulliciosa: bustling

    paisajes: landscapes

    portuaria: port (feminine adjective)

    Check Adjectives we don’t have in English!

    mariscos: seafood

    Naciones Unidas: United Nations

    oeste: west

    Check: The Four Directions and More!

    MADRUGADA: “Madrugada” doesn’t have an exact English equivalent. It means the time between midnight and just before sunrise. Unlike “noche,” when people might still be out and about (like on a Saturday night), “madrugada” refers to the quieter hours when most people are asleep and things are calm, right before the day starts.
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